Control and address redundancy in storage buffer

ABSTRACT

A system and method for detecting writes of data to errant locations in storage arrays. Address information and information redundant with address information is encoded and stored in proximity with data. Upon reading the stored data, the corresponding address information is decoded and compared to the address of the intended read. A mismatch indicates a possible write to an errant location.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/272,832 filed on Dec. 30, 2015 with tittle CONTROL AND ADDRESS REDUNDANCY IN STORAGE BUFFER by Xavier van Ruymbeke, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of semiconductor chip, particularly with fault tolerance.

BACKGROUND

Conventional chips with logic unit duplication of units that use storage arrays, such as arrays of on-chip SRAM or register files or arrays of flip-flops, necessarily duplicate the storage arrays. This allows detection of errors in address or control information that affects the location of stored data. Storage arrays use more silicon area than logic gates and individual flip-flops. What is needed is a way, in chips with logic unit duplication, to provide redundancy of address and control information without duplicating storage arrays.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves storing address and control information associated with corresponding data. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present invention involve storing redundant address and control information. Upon reading data, embodiments of the invention read the corresponding address and control information and any redundant address and control information and checks for inconsistencies that would indicate an error.

In many embodiments, the data is protected by ECC or parity on a byte or word level.

Typical control information, beyond an address, are the positive and inverse bit enables for write and for read. Enables essentially determine the size of data words written and read.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described in accordance with the aspects and embodiments in the following description with reference to the figures, in which like numbers represent the same or similar elements, as follows:

FIG. 1 illustrates a data word, as stored in a storage array.

FIG. 2 illustrates a system with delayed lock-step functional unit duplication and encoding and checking of data and address and control redundancy.

FIG. 3 illustrates the function of encoding and checking on a SRAM storage array.

FIG. 4 illustrates a system with data ECC, hashing, and storage array data word parity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a similar manner to the term “comprising”.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the various aspects and embodiments are included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” “in certain embodiments,” and similar language throughout this specification refer to the various aspects and embodiments of the invention. It is noted that, as used in this description, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The described features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in accordance with the aspects and one or more embodiments of the invention. In the following description, numerous specific details are recited to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring the aspects of the invention.

Some embodiments store only address bits associated with wordlines and other embodiments only bitlines, depending on which are more prone to failure in a particular manufacturing process.

According to some embodiments, when data is written in the storage array, the address and control information are concatenated, a corresponding ECC is calculated for the address and control information, and it is stored in a storage array with the data. In some embodiments, the address and control information is concatenated with the data, and an ECC is calculated on the result. The storage of address and control information can be on a per-byte or per-word basis. The calculation of ECC can be on a per-byte or per-word granularity that may be different from the granularity of the address and control information.

Referring now to FIG. 1, according to an aspect of the invention, in association with a data read, the extra address/control information is read, and the address/control information is compared to the address and control commands used to get the data. If it is a match, then both wrote and read operations have been successful in the storage array.

If the comparison fails, then there was a fault. If the fault occurred with the write, or during the time that the address/control information was stored, correction is impractical, as the originally-written data might have been overwritten by an undiscernible intervening errant write. If an error occurred with the read operation, then it might be correctable by repeating the read operation. However, that is impractical in many systems in which data flows rapidly through a pipeline with little buffer storage.

By adding address/control redundancy according to the invention, the storage array can be instantiated externally to lock step duplicated logic units. The read data and address/control information are compared in each unit. The data and address/control information are, pipeline as needed, just like any other input/output signals for delayed lock-step unit duplication.

Referring now to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, according to some aspects of the invention and in one embodiment, the encoder and checker concatenate the data, address, and control information and then perform ECC on that. Since ECC on a larger data set is more efficient than two ECCs on smaller data sets, there is less storage required for the redundant information. However, data errors cannot be distinguished from address errors.

In one embodiment, the encoder and checker hash the address and control with the data, then perform ECC or parity encoding and checking on the hashed value. That way, the total number of bits to protect is just the width of the data. The read side knows the address, so it can unhash the data. This approach seems similar to US application 20140040697. However, that reference does not explain the importance of duplicating the hashing, encoding, and checking logic.

Referring now to FIG. 4, since writes of the wrong memory location is only detectable, not correctable (reads from the wrong location might be correctable by retrying), it might be only desirable to apply parity to the write of the encoded data and address and control information to the storage array. According to the embodiment of FIG. 4, requests come from above and responses to below. A storage array is on the right. The system:

-   -   i) encodes write data with ECC     -   ii) hashes that with the write address and control information     -   iii) applies a simple parity     -   iv) writes that to the storage array     -   v) reads from the storage array     -   vi) decodes parity on the read data from the storage array     -   vii) retries if there is a parity check failure     -   viii) hash the data and address     -   ix) retries if the hashed address does not match the read         address     -   x) performs data ECC

The system performs duplication (not shown) of the logic of FIG. 4, but not duplication of the storage array.

Systems according to the invention are manufactured according to descriptions in hardware description language source code that describes the function of functional units.

In accordance with various aspects and some embodiments of the invention, logical connectivity exists between all units, except for connectivity between coherence controllers and except for connectivity between memory interface units. This high degree of connectivity may be advantageous in some systems for minimizing latency. An example configuration includes: three agent interface (AI) units, two coherence controllers (CC), and two memory interface (MI) units. In such a configuration, one possible method of operation for a read memory request is as follows:

1. Agent interface units send read requests to coherence controllers.

2. Coherence controllers send snoops to as many agent interface units as necessary.

3. Agent interface units snoop their agents and send snoop responses to coherence controllers and, if the cache line is present in the agent cache, send the cache line to the requesting agent interface unit.

4. If a requested cache line is not found in an agent cache then the coherence controller sends a request to the memory interface unit.

5. The memory interface unit accesses memory, and responds directly to the requesting agent interface unit.

A possible method of operation for a write memory request is as follows:

1. Agent interface units send write requests to coherence controllers.

2. Coherence controllers send snoops to as many agent interface units as necessary.

3. Agent interface units snoop their agents and cause evictions and write accesses to memory or, alternatively, forwarding of data to the requesting agent interface unit.

In some embodiments data writes are issued from a requesting agent interface unit directly to destination memory interface units. The agent interface unit is aware of the address interleaving of multiple memory interface units. In alternative embodiments, data writes are issued before, simultaneously with, or after coherent write commands are issued to coherence controllers. In some embodiments, the requesting agent interface unit receives cache lines from other AI Us, and merges cache line data with the data from its agent before issuing cache line writes to memory interface units.

Other embodiments may have advantages in physical layout by having less connectivity. In accordance with various aspects and some embodiments of the invention, there is no connectivity between coherence controllers and memory interfaces. Such an embodiment requires that if the requested line is not found in an agent cache, the coherence controller responds as such to the requesting agent interface unit, which then initiates a request to an appropriate memory interface unit. In accordance with various aspects of the invention, the connectivity of another configuration is changed so that memory interface units respond to coherence controllers, which in turn respond to agent interface units.

In accordance with various aspects of the invention, with a one-to-one pairing between coherence controllers and memory interface units such that each need no connectivity to other counterpart units. In accordance with various aspects and some embodiments of the invention, the connectivity of a very basic configuration is each agent interface unit is coupled exclusively with a single coherence controller, which is coupled with a single memory interface unit.

In accordance with various aspects and embodiment of the invention a distributed system implementation for cache coherence includes distinct agent interface units, coherency controllers, and memory interface units. The agents send requests in the form of read and write transactions. The system also includes a memory. The memory includes coherent memory regions. The memory is in communication with the agents. The system includes a coherent interconnect in communication with the memory and the agents. The system includes a second coherent interconnect in communication with the memory and the agents. The system also includes a comparator for comparing at least two inputs, the comparator is in communication with the two coherent interconnects. The features of the system are outlined and discussed below.

A cache coherence system performs at least three essential functions:

1. Interfacing to coherent agents—This function includes accepting transaction requests on behalf of a coherent agent and presenting zero, one, or more transaction responses to the coherent agent, as required. In addition, this function presents snoop requests, which operate on the coherent agent's caches to enforce coherence, and accepts snoop responses, which signal the result of the snoop requests.

2. Enforcing coherence—This function includes serializing transaction requests from coherent agents and sending snoop requests to a set of agents to perform coherence operations on copies of data in the agent caches. The set of agents may include any or all coherent agents and may be determined by a directory or snoop filter (or some other filtering function) to minimize the system bandwidth required to perform the coherence operations. This function also includes receiving snoop responses from coherent agents and providing the individual snoop responses or a summary of the snoop responses to a coherent agent as part of a transaction response.

3. Interfacing to the next level of the memory hierarchy—This function includes issuing read and write requests to a memory, such as a DRAM controller or a next-level cache, among other activities.

Performing these functions in a single unit has the benefit of keeping the logic for these related functions close together, but has several major drawbacks. The single unit will be large, and therefore will use a significant amount of silicon area. That will cause congestion in routing of wires around the unit. A single unit will also tend to favor having a single memory or, if multiple memories are used, having them close together to avoid having excessively long wires between the single coherence unit and the memories. Multiple memories, which are typically implemented with interleaved address ranges, are increasingly prevalent.

An aspect of the invention is separation of the functions of a cache coherence system into multiple distinct units, and coupling of them with a transport network. The units communicate by sending and receiving information to each other through the transport network. The units are, fundamentally:

1. Agent Interface Unit (AIU)—This unit performs the function of interfacing to one or more agents. Agents may be fully coherent, IO-coherent, or non-coherent. The interface between an agent interface unit and its associated agent uses a protocol. The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) Coherency Extensions (ACE) is one such protocol. In some cases, an agent may interface to more than one agent interface unit. In some such cases, each agent interface unit supports an interleaved or hashed subset of the address space for the agent.

2. Coherence controller unit—This unit performs the function of enforcing coherence among the coherent agents for a set of addresses.

3. Memory interface unit—This unit performs the function of interfacing to all or a portion of the next level of the memory hierarchy.

4. Local memory—The memory, for example SRAM, might be used by a unit to store information locally. For instance, a snoop filter will rely on storage by the Coherence Controller unit of information regarding location and sharing status of cache lines. This information might be stored in a Local memory. The Local memory is shared between a functional coherent interconnect unit and a checker coherent interconnect unit. Thus, the Local memory for the interconnects is shared. Thus, local memory and the transport interconnect, which is part of the transport network discussed below, do not need to be duplicated in accordance with some aspects of the invention.

The transport network that couples the units is a means of communication that transfers at least all semantic information necessary, between units, to implement coherence. The transport network, in accordance with some aspects and some embodiments of the invention, is a network-on-chip, though other known means for coupling interfaces on a chip can be used and the scope of the invention is not limited thereby. The transport network provides a separation of the interfaces between the agent interface unit (AIU), coherence controller, and memory interface units such that they may be physically separated.

A transport network is a component of a system that provides standardized interfaces to other components and functions to receive transaction requests from initiator components, issue a number (zero or more) of consequent requests to target components, receive corresponding responses from target components, and issue responses to initiator components in correspondence to their requests. A transport network, according to some embodiments of the invention, is packet-based. It supports both read and write requests and issues a response to every request. In other embodiments, the transport network is message-based. Some or all requests cause no response. In some embodiments, multi-party transactions are used such that initiating agent requests go to a coherence controller, which in turn forwards requests to other caching agents, and in some cases a memory, and the agents or memory send responses directly to the initiating requestor. In some embodiments, the transport network supports multicast requests such that a coherence controller can, as a single request, address some or all of the agents and memory. According to some embodiments the transport network is dedicated to coherence-related communication and in other embodiments at least some parts of the transport network are used to communicate non-coherent traffic. In some embodiments, the transport network is a network-on-chip with a grid-based mesh or depleted-mesh type of topology. In other embodiments, a network-on-chip has a topology of switches of varied sizes. In some embodiments, the transport network is a crossbar. In some embodiments, a network-on-chip uses virtual channels.

According to another aspect of the invention, each type of unit can be implemented as multiple separate instances. A typical system has one agent interface unit associated with each agent, one memory interface unit associated with each of a number of main memory storage elements, and some number of coherence controllers, each responsible for a portion of a memory address space in the system.

In accordance with some aspects of the invention, there does not need to be a fixed relationship between the number of instances of any type and any other type of unit in the system. A typical system has more agent interface units than memory interface units, and a number of coherence controllers that is in a range close to the number of memory interface units. In general, a large number of coherent agents in a system, and therefore a large number of agent interface units implies large transaction and data bandwidth requirements, and therefore requires a large number of coherence controllers to receive and process coherence commands and to issue snoop requests in parallel, and a large number of memory interface units to process memory command transactions in parallel.

Separation of coherence functions into functional units and replication of instances of functional units according to the invention provides for systems of much greater bandwidth, and therefore a larger number of agents and memory interfaces than is efficiently possible with a monolithic unit. Furthermore, some aspects of the cache coherent interconnect are not duplicated. In accordance with the aspects of the invention, the AIU are duplicated so that there is a functional unit and a checker unit. Additionally, the directory and the DMI are duplicated.

In accordance with some aspects of the invention, some embodiments include more than one coherence controller, each coherence controller is responsible for a specific part of the address space, which may be contiguous, non-contiguous or a combination of both. The transport network routes transaction information to a particular coherence controller as directed by sending units. In some embodiments, the choice of coherence controller is done based on address bits above the address bits that index into a cache line, so that the address space is interleaved with such a granularity that sequential cache line transaction requests to the agent interface unit are sent to alternating coherence controllers. Other granularities are possible.

In other embodiments that capture other aspects of the invention, the choice of coherence controller to receive the requests is determined by applying a mathematical function to the address. This function is known as a hashing function. In accordance with some aspects and some embodiments of the invention, the hashing function causes transactions to be sent to a number of coherence controllers that is not a power of two. The association of individual cache line addresses in the address space to coherence controllers can be any arbitrary assignment; provided there is a one-to-one association of each cache-line address to a specific coherence controller.

According to some aspects and embodiments, coherence controllers perform multiple system functions beyond receiving transaction requests and snoop responses and sending snoop requests, memory transactions, and transaction responses. Some such other functions include snoop filtering, exclusive access monitors, and support for distributed virtual memory transactions.

In accordance with some aspects, embodiments that comprise more than one memory interface unit, each memory interface unit is responsible for a certain part of the address space, which may be contiguous, non-contiguous or a combination of both. For each read or write that requires access to memory, the coherence controller (or in some embodiments, also the agent interface unit) determines which memory interface unit from which to request the cache line. In some embodiments, the function is a simple decoding of address bits above the address bits that index into a cache line, but it can be any function, including ones that support numbers of memory interface units that are not powers of two. The association of individual cache line addresses in the address space to memory interface units can be any arbitrary assignment; provided there is a one-to-one association of individual cache-line addresses to specific memory interface units.

In some embodiments, agent interface units may have a direct path through the transport network to memory interface units for non-coherent transactions. Data from such transactions may be cacheable in an agent, in an agent interface unit, or in a memory interface unit. Such data may also be cacheable in a system cache or memory cache that is external to the cache coherence system.

The approach to chip design of logical and physical separation of the functions of agent interface, coherence controller, and memory interface enables independent scaling of the multiplicity of each function from one chip design to another. That includes both logical scaling and physical scaling. This allows a single semiconductor IP product line of configurable units to serve the needs of different chips within a family, such as a line of mobile application processor chips comprising one model with a single DRAM channel and another model with two DRAM channels or a line of internet communications chips comprising models supporting different numbers of Ethernet ports. Furthermore, such a design approach allows a single semiconductor IP product line of configurable units to serve the needs of chips in a broad range of application spaces, such as simple consumer devices as well as massively parallel multiprocessors.

In accordance with various aspects of the invention, each cache line consists of 64 bytes. Therefore, address bits 6 and above choose a cache line. In accordance with some aspects of the invention and this embodiment, each cache line address range is mapped to an alternating coherence controller. Alternating ranges of two cache lines are mapped to different memory interfaces. Therefore, requests for addresses from 0x0 to 0x3F go to coherence controller (CC) 0 and addresses from 0x40 to 0x7F go to CC 1. If either of those coherence controllers fails to find the requested line in a coherent cache, a request for the line is sent to memory interface (MI) 0. Likewise, requests for addresses from 0x80 to 0xBF go to CC 0 and addresses from 0xC0 to 0xFF go to CC 1. If either of those coherence controllers fails to find the requested line in a coherent cache, a request for the line is sent to MI 1.

The ranges of values provided above do not limit the scope of the present invention. It is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the scope of the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges and are also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.

In accordance with various aspects and some embodiments of the invention, the address hashing function for coherence controllers and the address hashing function for memory interface units is the same. In such a case, there is necessarily a one-to-one relationship between the presence of coherence controllers and memory interface units, and each coherence controller is effectively exclusively paired with a memory interface unit. Such pairing can be advantageous for some system physical layouts, though does not require a direct attachment or any particular physical location of memory interface units relative to coherence controllers. In some embodiments, the hashing functions for coherence controllers are different from that of memory interface units, but the hashing is such that a cache coherence controller unit is exclusively paired with a set of memory interface units or such that a number of coherence controllers are exclusively paired with a memory interface unit. For example, if there is 2-way interleaving to coherence controller units and 4-way interleaving to memory interface units, such that pairs of memory interface units each never get traffic from one coherence controller unit, then there are two separate hashing functions, but exclusive pairing.

The physical implementation of the transport network topology is an implementation choice, and need not directly correspond to the logical connectivity. The transport network can be, and typically is, configured based on the physical layout of the system. Various embodiments have different multiplexing of links to and from units into shared links and different topologies of network switches.

System-on-chip (SoC) designs can embody cache coherence systems according to the invention. Such SoCs are designed using models written as code in a hardware description language. A cache coherent system and the units that it comprises, according to the invention, can be embodied by a description in hardware description language code stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium.

Many SoC designers use software tools to configure the coherence system and its transport network and generate such hardware descriptions. Such software runs on a computer, or more than one computer in communication with each other, such as through the Internet or a private network. Such software is embodied as code that, when executed by one or more computers causes a computer to generate the hardware description in register transfer level (RTL) language code, the code being stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Coherence system configuration software provides the user a way to configure the number of agent interface units, coherence controllers, and memory interface units; as well as features of each of those units. Some embodiments also allow the user to configure the network topology and other aspects of the transport network. Some embodiments use algorithms, such as ones that use graph theory and formal proofs, to generate a topology network. Some embodiments allow the user to configure units' duplication and safety controller existence.

Some typical steps for manufacturing chips from hardware description language descriptions include verification, synthesis, place & route, tape-out, mask creation, photolithography, wafer production, and packaging. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the aspects described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features, which may be readily separated from or combined with the features and aspects to form embodiments, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible.

Another benefit of the separation of functional units, according to the invention, is that intermediate units can be used for monitoring and controlling a system. For example, some embodiments of the invention include a probe unit within the transport network between one or more agent interface units and the other units to which it is coupled. Different embodiments of probes perform different functions, such as monitoring bandwidth and counting events. Probes can be placed at any point in the transport network topology.

The invention can be embodied in a physical separation of logic gates into different regions of a chip floorplan. The actual placement of the gates of individual, physically separate units might be partially mixed, depending on the floorplan layout of the chip, but the invention is embodied in a chip in which a substantial bulk of the gates of each of a plurality of units is noticeably distinct within the chip floorplan.

The invention can be embodied in a logical separation of functionality into units. Units for agent interface units, coherence controller units, and memory interface units may have direct point-to-point interfaces. Units may contain a local memory such as SRAM. Alternatively, communication between units may be performed through a communication hub unit.

The invention, particularly in terms of its aspect of separation of function into units, is embodied in systems with different divisions of functionality. The invention can be embodied in a system where the functionality of one or more of the agent interface units, coherence controller units, and memory interface units are divided into sub-units, e.g. a coherence controller unit may be divided into a request serialization sub-unit and a snoop filter sub-unit. The invention can be embodied in a system where the functionality is combined into fewer types of units, e.g. the functionality from a coherence controller unit can be combined with the functionality of a memory interface unit. The invention can be embodied in a system of arbitrary divisions and combinations of sub-units.

Some embodiments of a cache coherent system according to the invention have certain functionality between an agent and its agent interface unit. The functionality separates coherent and non-coherent transactions. Non-coherent transactions are requested on an interface that is not part of the cache coherent system, and only coherent transactions are passed to the agent interface unit for communication to coherence controller units. In some embodiments, the function of separating coherent and non-coherent transactions is present within the agent interface unit.

In accordance with some aspects and some embodiments of the invention, one or more agent interface units communicate with IO-coherent agents, which themselves have no coherent caches, but require the ability to read and update memory in a manner that is coherent with respect to other coherent agents in the system using a direct means such as transaction type or attribute signaling to indicate that a transaction is coherent. In some aspects and embodiments, one or more agent interface units communicate with non-coherent agents, which themselves have no coherent caches, but require the ability to read and update memory that is coherent with respect to other coherent agents in the system using an indirect means such as address aliasing to indicate that a transaction is coherent. For both IO-coherent and non-coherent agents, the coupled agent interface units provide the ability for those agents to read and update memory in a manner that is coherent with respect to coherent agents in the system. By doing so, the agent interface units act as a bridge between non-coherent and coherent views of memory. Some IO-coherent and non-coherent agent interface units may include coherent caches on behalf of their agents. In some embodiments, a plurality of agents communicate with an agent interface unit by aggregating their traffic via a multiplexer, transport network or other means. In doing so, the agent interface unit provides the ability for the plurality of agents to read and update memory in a manner that is coherent with respect to coherent agents in the system. In some aspects and embodiments, different agent interface units communicate with their agents using different transaction protocols and adapt the different transaction protocols to a common transport protocol in order to carry all necessary semantics for all agents without exposing the particulars of each agent's interface protocol to other units within the system. Furthermore, in accordance with some aspects as captured in some embodiments, different agent interface units interact with their agents according to different cache coherence models, while adapting to a common model within the coherence system. By so doing, the agent interface unit is a translator that enables a system of heterogeneous caching agents to interact coherently.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The verb couple, its gerundial forms, and other variants, should be understood to refer to either direct connections or operative manners of interaction between elements of the invention through one or more intermediating elements, whether or not any such intermediating element is recited. Any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice of the invention. Representative illustrative methods and materials are also described.

All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or system in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. The scope of the invention, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein.

In accordance with the teaching of the invention a computer and a computing device are articles of manufacture. Other examples of an article of manufacture include: an electronic component residing on a mother board, a server, a mainframe computer, or other special purpose computer each having one or more processors (e.g., a Central Processing Unit, a Graphical Processing Unit, or a microprocessor) that is configured to execute a computer readable program code (e.g., an algorithm, hardware, firmware, and/or software) to receive data, transmit data, store data, or perform methods.

The article of manufacture (e.g., computer or computing device) includes a non-transitory computer readable medium or storage that may include a series of instructions, such as computer readable program steps or code encoded therein. In certain aspects of the invention, the non-transitory computer readable medium includes one or more data repositories. Thus, in certain embodiments that are in accordance with any aspect of the invention, computer readable program code (or code) is encoded in a non-transitory computer readable medium of the computing device. The processor or a module, in turn, executes the computer readable program code to create or amend an existing computer-aided design using a tool. The term “module” as used herein may refer to one or more circuits, components, registers, processors, software subroutines, or any combination thereof. In other aspects of the embodiments, the creation or amendment of the computer-aided design is implemented as a web-based software application in which portions of the data related to the computer-aided design or the tool or the computer readable program code are received or transmitted to a computing device of a host.

An article of manufacture or system, in accordance with various aspects of the invention, is implemented in a variety of ways: with one or more distinct processors or microprocessors, volatile and/or non-volatile memory and peripherals or peripheral controllers; with an integrated microcontroller, which has a processor, local volatile and non-volatile memory, peripherals and input/output pins; discrete logic which implements a fixed version of the article of manufacture or system; and programmable logic which implements a version of the article of manufacture or system which can be reprogrammed either through a local or remote interface. Such logic could implement a control system either in logic or via a set of commands executed by a processor.

Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the various aspects and principles as incorporated in various embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated that those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.

Therefore, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the various aspects and embodiments discussed and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit of invention is embodied by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A chip for error resilient operation, the chip comprising: a storage array; a functional unit; and at least one duplicate unit that is functionally equivalent to the functional unit, the storage array being coupled to the functional unit and the at least one duplicate unit, wherein the storage array stores data, address information, and information redundant with the address information.
 2. A non-transient computer readable medium storing hardware description language source code that describes a functional unit with inputs and outputs for coupling to a storage array, and at least two instantiations of the functional unit, wherein the functional unit encodes and provides for storing data, address, and information redundant with the address.
 3. A method of detecting errors in the addressable location of data written to a storage array, the method comprising: encoding a write value from a write address and information redundant with the write address; storing the write value in the storage array at the location of a first address; reading a read value from the storage array at the location of a read address; decoding an encoded address from the read value; and comparing the encoded address to the read address. 